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read chest X-ray film systems theory
24 letters (AX) system reads disc method can be reduce missed.
read chest X-ray film systems theory
A (Airway) the upper airway in the chest to see if the middle, the spine is a straight line through the trachea with or without displacement, with or without fibrous tissue stretch to lung volume reduction led, over-inflated and oppression. Bronchial airway disease without a huge, open lung oppression, narrow, carina pressure and other signs of lung cancer.
B (Bone) is a side away from the narrow ribs, ribs or without defects, such as defects of the upper edge of the first rib, with scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis, possible. 7 to 9, said rib defect aortic stenosis, found in children with congenital heart disease; tetralogy of Fallot visible rib cage lower edge of the defect. Fractures caused by coughing, can be found in 6 to 9 ribs, rib 7 rib fork axillary line visible. Pigeon chest and congenital septal defect related to disease or asthma are also seen in severe scoliosis who with reduced ventilatory function. Demineralized bone found in patients with steroid therapy, age, kidney disease, or other metabolic patients.
C (Cor) right edge of the heart, two bows, left margin with four bow. Disappearance of the two arch found in the right funnel chest, right middle lobe atrophy, and pneumonia. Shape change or enlargement of the heart, seen in congenital heart disease, heart failure.
D (Diaphragm) higher than the left half of the diaphragm in the right intercostal space, the high side, considering breast cancer, fibrous tissue stretch, subphrenic abscess. Elevated hemi diaphragm to consider trauma, stroke, cervical infection or cancer, pneumonia or radiation therapy. Scimitar sign with the right side of the diaphragm can be seen. Medicine. Education Network of the original. Chong
E (Esophagus) in the tracheal esophageal right, if the air surface, is not considered relaxation or esophageal stricture.
F (Fissures) fissure will be divided into two lobes of the lung, each with a slope of about crack, the right side of transverse cracking, diagonal cracking the bottom end in the diaphragm, not limited to the anterior chest wall, abnormalities have shown lesions.
G (Gastric bubble) bubble in the left side of the stomach, if the right to consider visceral transposition, but not the stomach bubble, consider the esophagus can not be relaxed. Right heart stomach bubble may diaphragmatic hernia.
H (Hila) pulmonary hilar part of the shift showed atrophy, such as over-inflated, the hilar area expansion may be lung cancer, lung infections, immune disease or sarcoidosis.
I (Interstitium) two types of interstitial infiltration, interstitial precordial see the upper and lower film may be increased because of women's women's breasts. Alveolar type of infiltration of water due to lavage, pus, blood or protein-like substance found in Goodpasture's sign, hemosiderosis pulmonary disease, interstitial pneumonia, squamous cell shedding. Observed properties of the differential diagnosis of cough useful. MEDICAL EDUCATION. Education Network of the original. Create
J (Junction lines) connecting line is vertical, only in the mediastinum, with right paravertebral, right para-aortic, right ventricular side line near the left spine, left para-aortic , left heart next to the line, and link lines, and generally invisible. If you see or highlight, the patient goes to a block.
K (Kerley `s lines) g's line had only the B line, there are A, C line, multi-gram in the lung around the bottom of the B line for the 1mm wide, 1 ~ 2cm long, short and straight horizontal line, from the pleural surface to, for congestive heart failure symptoms. Other lines are still controversial.
L (Lobes) lobe collapse was the result of bronchial obstruction may be due to endogenous tumor, tuberculosis narrowing, bronchial trauma fracture, lymph nodes or enlarged heart oppression, or mucus in pulmonary embolism caused by collapse. With right middle lobe syndrome, sometimes seen in asthma or other allergic diseases, pulmonary split shift, increased diaphragm, tracheal deviation, heart to the right, narrow intercostal space, compensatory hyperinflation, hilar displacement. Right upper lobe collapse, the horizontal split up, whole leaf next to the mediastinum.
left upper lobe collapse, move to the former, the aortic disappeared. Lingual lobe collapse left heart border disappear, move before the lower left lower lobe. Right lower lobe collapse, movement within the spine down to the left to right Xinyuan visible. Left lower lobe collapse, such as the shift direction of the right lower lobe, left Xinyuan see clearly, Felson's known as the
M (Mediastinum) for the chest part of the mediastinum, is in between the lungs, including the determination, great vessels, vagus nerve, phrenic nerve and hilar lymph nodes and other fat pad. Is divided into before, during and after the mediastinum, the existence of each part has several organs and mediastinal mass in a tissue growth or damage, can be used as diagnostic clues. Air into the mediastinum, mediastinal emphysema, said.
N (Nodules) nodules are benign, malignant two, straight through a small opening 1cm or calcification, mostly benign, 1 ~ 6cm nodules were malignant. Nodule 1 ~ 6cm, clear boundaries with the surrounding tissue lesions were the coins. If the old films, it should be compared to fixed nodules grow up, and were mostly malignant. If the organization package pneumoniae lesions were benign. Sometimes see empty nodules, usually squamous cell carcinoma, tuberculosis ball, spherical spores disease, Wegener's granulomatosis and so on. A space inside a mold colony-forming mold ball. Medical Education. Education Network original
O (Over-aeration) hyperinflation in two ways: non-blocking lung hyperinflation (such as emphysema or pulmonary alveolar bullae, emphysema); and obstructive hyperinflation (such as lung cancer, foreign body, tension-type spontaneous pneumothorax, etc.).
P (Pleura) pleural disease should be observed for the lung periphery general, to observe whether the pleural thickening, tumor-like change, so costophrenic angle blunting. Costophrenic angle blunt, showing pleural effusion. Diaphragmatic tumor, also known as mesothelioma, rare, and often occurred in the lung field of the side of the department. Judging from the lung tumor-like change, or pleura, there are two of the best principles: the pleura and pleural disease as the end into an obtuse angle, and the vertical diameter greater than the diameter. Lower lung effusion not a obtuse angle, flat and vertical side of the chest wall, diaphragm, diaphragm shadow high.
Q (Question of name plate) chip whether the patient name, reading films carefully checked to avoid mistaken identity.
R (Respiration) breathing exercise can directly affect the heart's size, and location changes. Deep inspiration, the diaphragm can be reduced to 6 before the ribs, 10 rib, after less than this time, considered pathological. A small pneumothorax can exhale, inhale two confirmed. Puffed test to see whether the diaphragm anesthesia.
S (Segments) lung segments, positioning, it is important for infiltration damage, with the side of the silhouette film, the black outline of symptoms to identify which section of damaged structures to avoid obscuring the line of invasion. 10 right lung, left lung 8, each with its special location and shape, should be familiar with the anatomy and structural changes within the segment.
T (Thoracic Calcifications) often show a benign lung lesion calcification, egg shell calcification in hilar lymph nodes, common in silicosis, asbestosis, sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disease. Very similar to pulmonary artery and aortic calcification, seen in severe pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary calcification is common in histoplasmosis, Coccidioides mycosis, tuberculosis, varicella pneumonia, lung fluke disease, pneumoconiosis, also found in alveolar microlithiasis, the lungs of small white friends like most of Blizzard calcification performance, but also pleural sign, in the peripheral edge of a black thread.
U (Under perfusion) of blood vessel perfusion loss of the lower part of the lung, and pulmonary embolism related. In pulmonary embolism Department, the texture loss of repentance tube, also found in the Swanz-Gauz's misplaced catheter placement, catheter embolization of the tool itself, blocking the blood flow. There Mclead with Swyer-James syndrome, is the loss of small blood vessels around the inflatable bad, or normal hilar smaller. The symptoms often secondary to infants with acute bronchial pneumonia, similar to the unilateral lung hypoplasia.
V (Volume) estimated lung volume and more important, right lung 55%, slightly larger than the left lung, whereas a problem. Medical Education Network of the original. Create
W (Women `s breast shadows) woman breast cover the lower lung, and an increase in the subsequent markings. Lack of the breast, chest radiograph showed hyperinflation, or by reason of the surgical resection. Nipple coins can be as small lesions, can be marked after the photo, and compare the former film, you can confirm the diagnosis.
X (Shadow of radioactive dye, can sometimes be seen. Surgical clamp, as in the past to stop bleeding, can also be observed.
than 24 letters, easy to remember, fully observe the chest X-ray structure of the various anatomical parts of the normal and abnormal shadow in order to understand the lesions obtained diagnosis.
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